Yes, there are Shiite paramilitary forces from Lebanon – the powerful Hezbollah organization – and from Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. They all operate under the command of the Quds Force, the external wing of Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps. These forces, especially Hezbollah, which has 30 years of experience fighting Israel, have played a critical role in safeguarding the Assad regime, supplementing the hard-pressed Syrian Army.

Mohammed Zaatari/AP
Hezbollah fighters stand by the coffin of senior Hezbollah commander Hassan Hussein al-Haj during his funeral procession in the southern Lebanese village of Loueizeh, Lebanon, Monday, Oct. 12, 2015. Local media said al-Haj was killed in Syria in the northwestern province of Idlib.