Katherine Johnson: NASA math whiz and pioneer for black women

Katherine Johnson, a mathematician who calculated rocket trajectories and earth orbits for NASA’s early space missions and was later portrayed in the 2016 hit film “Hidden Figures,” about pioneering black female aerospace workers, has died. She was 101.

NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said on Twitter that she died Monday morning. Mr. Bridenstine tweeted that the NASA family “will never forget Katherine Johnson's courage and the milestones we could not have reached without her. Her story and her grace continue to inspire the world.”

Ms. Johnson was one of the “computers” who solved equations by hand during NASA’s early years and those of its precursor organization, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Ms. Johnson and other black women initially worked in a racially segregated computing unit in Hampton, Virginia, that wasn’t officially dissolved until NACA became NASA in 1958. Signs had dictated which bathrooms the women could use.

Ms. Johnson focused on airplanes and other research at first. But her work at NASA’s Langley Research Center eventually shifted to Project Mercury, the nation’s first human space program.

“Our office computed all the [rocket] trajectories,” Ms. Johnson told The Virginian-Pilot newspaper in 2012. “You tell me when and where you want it to come down, and I will tell you where and when and how to launch it.”

In 1961, Ms. Johnson did trajectory analysis for Alan Shepard’s Freedom 7 Mission, the first to carry an American into space. The next year, she manually verified the calculations of a nascent NASA computer, an IBM 7090, which plotted John Glenn’s orbits around the planet.

“Get the girl to check the numbers,” a computer-skeptical Mr. Glenn had insisted in the days before the launch.

“Katherine organized herself immediately at her desk, growing phone-book-thick stacks of data sheets a number at a time, blocking out everything except the labyrinth of trajectory equations,” Margot Lee Shetterly wrote in her 2016 book “Hidden Figures,” on which the film is based.

“It took a day and a half of watching the tiny digits pile up: eye-numbing, disorienting work,” Ms. Shetterly wrote.

Ms. Shetterly told The Associated Press on Monday that Ms. Johnson was “exceptional in every way.”

“The wonderful gift that Katherine Johnson gave us is that her story shined a light on the stories of so many other people,” Ms. Shetterly said. “She gave us a new way to look at black history, women’s history and American history.”

Ms. Shetterly noted that Ms. Johnson died during Black History Month and a few days after the anniversary of Mr. Glenn’s orbits of the earth on Feb. 20, 1962, for which she played an important role.

“We get to mourn her and also commemorate the work that she did that she’s most known for at the same time,” Ms. Shetterly said.

Ms. Johnson considered her work on the Apollo moon missions to be her greatest contribution to space exploration. Her calculations helped the lunar lander rendezvous with the orbiting command service module. She also worked on the Space Shuttle program before retiring in 1986.

Ms. Johnson and her co-workers had been relatively unsung heroes of America’s Space Race. But in 2015, President Barack Obama awarded Ms. Johnson – then 97 – the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor.

The “Hidden Figures” book and film followed, telling the stories of Ms. Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, among others. Ms. Johnson was portrayed in the film by actress Taraji P. Henson. The film was nominated for a Best Picture Oscar and grossed more than $200 million worldwide.

In 2017, Ms. Johnson was brought on stage at the Academy Awards ceremony to thunderous applause. Ms. Jackson and Ms. Vaughan had died in 2005 and 2008 respectively.

Ms. Johnson was born Katherine Coleman on August 26, 1918, in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, near the Virginia border. The small town had no schools for black students beyond the eighth grade, she told The Richmond Times-Dispatch in 1997.

Each September, her father drove Ms. Johnson and her siblings to Institute, West Virginia, for high school and college on the campus of the historically black West Virginia State College.

Ms. Johnson taught at black public schools before becoming one of three black students to integrate West Virginia’s graduate schools in 1939.

She left after the first session to start a family with her first husband, James Goble, and returned to teaching when her three daughters grew older. In 1953, she started working at the all-black West Area Computing unit at what was then called Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Hampton.

Ms. Johnson’s first husband died in 1956. She married James A. Johnson in 1959.

Ms. Johnson spent her later years encouraging students to enter the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Looking back, she said she had little time to worry about being treated unequally.

“My dad taught us 'you are as good as anybody in this town, but you're no better,'” Ms. Johnson told NASA in 2008. “I don't have a feeling of inferiority. Never had. I'm as good as anybody, but no better.”

This story was reported by The Associated Press.