Power for life? Xi Jinping secures third term as China's president.

Chinese leader Xi Jinping was awarded a third five-year term as the nation’s president Friday, putting him on track to stay in power for life at a time of severe economic challenges and rising tensions with the U.S. and others.

The endorsement of Xi’s appointment by the ceremonial National People’s Congress (NPC) was a foregone conclusion for a leader who has sidelined potential rivals and filled the top ranks of the ruling Communist Party with his supporters since taking power in 2012.

The vote for Mr. Xi was 2,952 to 0 by the NPC, members of which are appointed by the ruling party.

Mr. Xi had himself named to a third five-year term as party general secretary in October, breaking with a tradition under which Chinese leaders handed over power once a decade. A two-term limit on the figurehead presidency was deleted from the Chinese Constitution earlier, prompting suggestions he might stay in power for life.

There was no indication that members of the National People’s Congress had any option other than to endorse Mr. Xi and other officials picked by the Communist Party for other posts. When Mr. Xi was named to his first term as president in 2013, NPC members received a ballot with only his name on it and dropped it unchanged into a box. On Friday, reporters were kept at a distance and couldn’t see the four ballots that each delegate deposited into boxes placed around the vast auditorium of the Great Hall of the People.

Mr. Xi was also unanimously named head of the Central Military Commission that commands the party’s military wing, the 2 million-member People’s Liberation Army, an appointment that has been automatic for the party leader for three decades.

In other voting, the party’s third-ranking official, Zhao Leji, was named head of the National People’s Congress. The vast majority of the body’s legislative work is headed by its Standing Committee, which meets year-round.

Mr. Zhao, a holdover from the previous party Politburo Standing Committee, the apex of political power in China headed by Mr. Xi, won Mr. Xi’s trust as head of the party’s anti-corruption watchdog, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, pursuing an anti-graft campaign that has frozen all potential opposition to Mr. Xi.

Former Shanghai party boss and member of the last Politburo Standing Committee Han Zheng was named to the largely ceremonial post of state vice president.

Mr. Xi, Mr. Zhao, and Mr. Han then took the oath of office with one hand on a copy of the Chinese Constitution. The session also swore in 14 congress vice chairpersons.

Wang Huning, a holdover from the last Politburo Standing Committee, was later named head of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the NPC’s advisory body that, in coordination with the party’s United Front Department, works to build Mr. Xi’s influence and image abroad. Mr. Wang has been a top adviser to three Chinese leaders and has authored books critiquing Western politics and society.

Mr. Xi’s new term and the appointment of loyalists to top posts underscores his near-total monopoly on Chinese political power, eliminating any potential opposition to his hyper-nationalistic agenda of building China into the top political, military, and economic rival to the U.S. and the chief authoritarian challenge to the Washington-led democratic world order.

While six others serve with him on the Politburo Standing Committee, all have longstanding ties to Mr. Xi and can be counted on to see to his will on issues from party discipline to economic management.

The standing committee has only men and the 24-member Politburo, which has had only four female members since the 1990s, also has no women after the departure of Vice Premier Sun Chunlan.

Second-ranked Li Qiang is widely expected to take over as premier, nominally in charge of the Cabinet and caretaker of the economy. Mr. Li is best known for ruthlessly enforcing a brutal “zero-COVID” lockdown on Shanghai last spring as party boss of the Chinese financial hub, proving his loyalty to Mr. Xi in the face of complaints from residents over their lack of access to food, medical care, and basic services.

Former head of the manufacturing powerhouse of Guangdong province, seventh-ranked Li Xi has already been appointed to replace Mr. Zhao as head of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

The congress is also expected to pass measures intensifying party control over national-level government organs as part of Mr. Xi’s campaign of centralizing power under the party.

At the opening of the annual congress session on Sunday, outgoing Premier Li Keqiang announced plans for a consumer-led revival of the struggling economy, setting this year’s growth target at “around 5%.” Last year’s growth in the world’s second-largest economy fell to 3%, the second-weakest level since at least the 1970s.

Separately, the Ministry of Finance announced a 7.2% budget increase in the defense budget to 1.55 trillion yuan ($224 billion), marking a slight increase over 2022. China’s military spending is the world’s second highest after the United States.

In the days then, Mr. Xi and his new Foreign Minister Qin Gang have set a highly combative tone for relations with the U.S., amid tensions over trade, technology, Taiwan, human rights, and Beijing’s refusal to criticize Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

On Tuesday, Mr. Qin warned in unusually stark terms about the possibility of U.S.-China frictions leading to something direr.

“If the United States does not hit the brake, but continues to speed down the wrong path, no amount of guardrails can prevent derailing, and there surely will be conflict and confrontation,” Mr. Qin said in his first news conference since taking up his post last year.

That echoed comments at a small group meeting of delegates from Mr. Xi on Monday, in which he said that “Western countries led by the United States have implemented all-round containment, encirclement and suppression of China, which has brought unprecedented grave challenges to our nation’s development.”

Mr. Xi followed up on Wednesday by calling for “more quickly elevating the armed forces to world-class standards.”

China must maximize its “national strategic capabilities” in a bid to “systematically upgrade the country’s overall strength to cope with strategic risks, safeguard strategic interests, and realize strategic objectives,” Mr. Xi was quoted as saying to a meeting of delegates by the official Xinhua News Agency.

Asked about China’s future foreign relations under Mr. Xi, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning struck a relatively mild tone.

Beijing maintains an “independent foreign policy of peace” and will “continue to view and develop China-U.S. relations in accordance with the principles of peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and win-win cooperation,” Ms. Mao said at a daily briefing.

“We hope the U.S. side can also meet us halfway and push China-U.S. relations back on the track of sound and stable development,” she said.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, with whom Mr. Xi has formed close ties, issued his congratulations, saying Xi’s new term is an “acknowledgment of your achievements as the head of state, as well as wide support of your policy focused on China’s socioeconomic development and protection of its national interests on the global stage.”

Under Mr. Xi, China and Russia announced a “no limits” relationship and China has pointedly refused to criticize Russia’s invasion of Ukraine while echoing Moscow’s claim that the U.S. and NATO were to blame for provoking the Kremlin. Beijing has also blasted sanctions imposed on Russia after it invaded Ukraine, while Russia has staunchly supported China amid tensions with the U.S. over Taiwan.

“We will continue to coordinate our joint work related to the most important issues on the regional and international agenda,” Mr. Putin said, according to the Kremlin.

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, head of the ruling Worker’s Party, also sent congratulations, saying “the two parties and the two countries are defending and advancing socialism, the common cause, while supporting and closely cooperating with each other.” China is the impoverished and isolated North’s most important political ally and source of food and fuel aid.

This story was reported by The Associated Press. AP writers Vladimir Isachenkov in Moscow and Kim Tong-Hyung in Seoul, South Korea, contributed to this report.