Those with higher incomes in 2014 will also be paying more into the Medicare pot, which pays for the national medical insurance program for elderly Americans. There is an additional 0.9 percent tax for Medicare that applies to singles and heads of household making over $200,000 and $250,000 for married couples.

The Congressional Budget Office
This chart shows the proportion of Medicare that is paid for by payroll taxes, a number that has dropped considerably over the past decade.